.Washington: Children living in poverty may face long-lasting negative consequences on brain development as also on emotional health and academic achievement, says a study.
“Our research has shown that the effects of poverty on the developing brain, particularly in the hippocampus, are strongly influenced by parenting and life stresses experienced by the children,” said Joan L. Luby, child psychiatrist at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
The team has identified changes in the brain’s architecture that can lead to lifelong problems with depression, learning difficulties and limitations in the ability to cope with stress.
The study provides even more compelling evidence that growing up in poverty has detrimental effects on the brain. Teaching nurturing skills to parents — particularly those who live below the poverty line — may provide a lifetime of benefit for children.
“Early childhood interventions to support a nurturing environment for these children must now become our top public health priority for the good of all,” said Luby in JAMA Paediatrics.
Low-income children had irregular brain development and lower standardised test scores, with as much as an estimated 20 percent gap in achievement explained by developmental lags in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.
“In developmental science and medicine, it is not often that the cause and solution of a public health problem become so clearly elucidated,” Luby said.
“We have a rare roadmap to preserving and supporting our society’s most important legacy, the developing brain. This unassailable body of evidence taken as a whole is now actionable for public policy,” Luby added.
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IN THE UNITED STATES;
More children living in poverty now than during recession
Jennifer Calfas, USA TOD
A higher percentage of children live in poverty now than did during the Great Recession, according to a new report from the Annie E. Casey Foundation released Tuesday.
About 22% of children in the U.S. lived below the poverty line in 2013, compared with 18% in 2008, the foundation’s 2015 Kids Count Data Book reported. In 2013, the U.S. Department of Human and Health Service’s official poverty line was $23,624 for a family with two adults and two children.
“The fact that it’s happening is disturbing on lots of levels,” said Laura Speer, the associate director for policy reform and advocacy at the Casey Foundation, a non-profit based in Baltimore. “Those kids often don’t have the access to the things they need to thrive.” The foundation says its mission is to help low-income children in the U.S. by providing grants and advocating for policies that promote economic opportunity.
The report examined data from several federal agencies ranging from 2008 to 2013 to assess state-by-state trends of 16 factors of children’s well-being, including economics, education, health and family and community. It found that one in four children — a total of 18.7 million kids — lived in low-income households in 2013; low-income families were defined as those who use more than 30% of their pre-tax income for housing.
However, the numbers are from 2013, and Speer said the outcome may be different now that the unemployment rate has lowered to 5.3%; it was 7.5% in June 2013. Speer said more employed parents would naturally lead to fewer impoverished kids, but she doubted it would change the number of children in low-income neighborhoods.
“It’s a much bigger issue that’s happening relating to residential segregation, the cost of housing and other factors,” Speer said.
The report also examined racial disparities between children living in low-income households. Black, Hispanic and American Indian children were more than twice as likely to live in poverty than white children, the report said.
Deirdre Bloome, an assistant professor of sociology and faculty associate at the Population Studies Center at the University of Michigan, said racial segregation by income and housing occurs because of economic differences for individual families.
She said people often live as adults in the same neighborhood where they grew up, making it difficult to achieve upward mobility and desegregated areas.
“Where you grew up is similar to where you end up when you’re an adult,” Bloome said. “That helps perpetuate racial segregation.”
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In the state-by-state analysis in the report, Minnesota took the top spot for overall child well-being — the first non-New England state to do so in over a decade. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Iowa and Vermont, came in second through fifth.
Several statewide policies and initiatives in Minnesota help increase the likelihood of children’s well-being in Minnesota. MinnesotaCare, established before the Affordable Care Act, provides publicly subsidized health care to low-income individuals in the state. The state also has an initiative to increase economic security for families, addressing minimum wage, tax credit for low-income families and childcare assistance programs.
However, the programs tend to mostly benefit white children, according to Stephanie Hogenson, the research and policy director at the Children’s Defense Fund in Minnesota.
“Right now, they aren’t improving outcomes for children of color,” Hogenson said. “We’re trying to turn the dial on that.”
Hogenson said several programs in place can expand to provide more support for black, Latino and American Indian children in the state. Those include an early education “head start” program and a parent engagement effort to decrease unemployment for people of color in the state.
“We focus on what’s best for children and we’ve done a good job, we haven’t done the best job in ensuring those programs are accessible and easily utilized by children of color and their family,” she said.